Health care research paper and health care marketing
group counseling research papers
World War II gave considerable impetus to group counseling. The need for treatment was much greater than the established methods could provide for. Audio-visual aids, psychodrama, puppetry, talks of the repressive-inspirational type, music, and many other techniques were tried in evacuation hospitals, front-line units, and home hospitals. Some of these auxiliary techniques were found to be effective with acute, temporary disturbances resulting from immediate problems, such as those resulting from battle or when people are uprooted from their own groups. Not only did group counseling prove useful under these conditions, but its effects came to interest a large cross section of professional persons who have gone on developing it.
Health Care Benefits Research Paper
HMOs are paid in advance to provide a range of health care benefits, including at a minimum hospital and outpatient care. For the duration of the prepaid period, enrollees are covered only for those providers affiliated with the plan and those services authorized by the plan. Unlike their counterparts in fee-for-service health care, providers in prepaid plans must work within a budget. This creates an incentive for them to conserve on the delivery of health services. Costs can be contained in a number of ways: substituting less costly for more expensive services, expanding the use of preventive care, better coordinating services to reduce inappropriate utilization and simply delivering fewer services.
Health Care Marketing Research Paper
Apart from these common features, HMOs can take a variety of different organizational forms. Physicians may share a common office building, as do most prepaid group plans (PGPs), or practice out of individual offices, as in independent practice associations (IPAs). Some plans are federally qualified--that is, their coverages and organizational practices meet certain guidelines established by federal law in the mid-1970s-others are not. Some are operated by a small group of physicians or as physician-consumer cooperatives. Still others are a part of large national or multinational corporate systems. Perhaps the most significant difference among prepaid plans is the extent to which individual physicians bear the financial consequences for the treatment of patients.
health care marketing research paper
Most early prepaid plans paid physicians primarily through a fixed annual salary. As a result, physicians faced little financial liability for patients who required costly treatment. More recently, an increasing number of plans base payment of physicians on the costs of treating their patients or all enrollees in the plan. For example, HMOs may deduct any costs of treating patients that exceed the average from their physicians' salaries. In the extreme, physicians may be individually capitated (i.e., paid a fixed amount per patient) and held financially liable for all their patients' health care expenses. Few plans to date have adopted complete physician capitation; most limit physicians' financial liability in one way or another.
health care research papers
Although favored by the Nixon, Carter and Reagan administrations, HMO participation in the Medicare program was limited until fairly recently. Some beneficiaries were enrolled in prepaid plans as early as the 1960s. But HMOs were reimbursed only for Part B services and were paid for whatever costs they incurred. Even after the 1972 Social Security Act amendments authorized prepayment for both Part A and Part B services, plans were subject to retrospective costbased readjustments to their payments and a variety of restrictive regulations. Because plans generally were uncomfortable with the need to maintain separate accounting systems for Medicare and for the rest of their enrollees, they did little to encourage Medicare beneficiaries to enroll.
free essays on health care profession
Based on HMOs' track records in the private sector, though, congressional enthusiasm had begun to build. In the mid-1970s, HCFA was authorized to establish a series of demonstration projects in which Medicare beneficiaries joined prepaid plans on the same terms as younger enrollees. Enrollees in these demonstrations used less health care than the average elder in their community and were more satisfied with the quality of their care. Encouraged by the success of these demonstrations, in 1982 Congress amended the Social Security Act to expand Medicare enrollment in HMOs. The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA) authorized that prepaid care be made available to all elders.
health studies essay
To the extent that HMOs treat Medicare beneficiaries for less than the cost of care in a fee-for-service setting, Medicare regulations require that these savings be converted into added benefits for Medicare enrollees. The choice of which benefits to add to coverage is left to the HMO. Most HMOs have chosen to either reduce copayments or cover ancillary medical expenses such as eyeglasses, dental care or prescription drugs. These are important benefits. Copayments under the traditional Medicare program have become a major threat to beneficiaries' financial security. For many elders, particularly those with limited incomes, ancillary medical expenses are a major gap in Medicare's feefor-service coverage.
heart disease essay
Using the best retrospective data available, they formulated certain guesses about what caused heart disease and then proceeded to test whether these hunches were correct. The point here is that all prospective studies depend on some interpretation of retrospective data. Therefore, the very existence of the Framingham prospective studies allows us to examine the way scientists formulated their hunches about the root causes of heart disease. Their hunches were reflected in what they chose to measure and how they collected their data. One hunch was clearly missing. Nowhere is the avoidance of questions about the relationship of childhood experiences to adult physical disease more obvious than in the Framingham studies.
hindu research paper
Perusal of the history of mors voluntaria religiosa including euthanasia in Hindu texts in the light of Buddhist and Jaina developments leads to appreciation of the importance of the interpretation of suicide in the Indian Penal Code written during the British Raj. The interpretation of the Indian
legal definition of suicide as inclusive of mors voluntaria religiosa surely is a reflection of the longstanding debate internal to Hinduism, which was intensified by the missionaries' focus on the custom as inhumane and a fault of Hinduism itself. Although the definition of suicide was based on British law, it proved useful to help put an end to a variety of practises of self-willed death.
hydrogen bomb essay
The question is of greater importance in dealing with concentration chains in which strong acids and bases are involved, as for example in the determination of the dissociation constant of water or in the standardization of the normal hydrogen electrode. Here the required extrapolation values are frequently so great that pure acid solutions are never used, but instead we employ acid solutions containing KCl, in order to decrease the diffusion potential. But since this affects the activity of the H-ions, which can still be only approximately calculated, therefore, a practical limitation is hereby imposed upon the attainable accuracy of all pH determinations.